Globalisation Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalisation - Literature review Example This essay attempts to describe globalization process by highlighting, evaluating and analyzing various definitions. Globalization is a global process and a revolution concept including economic integration, policy sharing, knowledge sharing, cultural stability, reproduction, relations and discourses of power or may sometimes be variously described as a progress, development, stabilization, integration, cooperation or perhaps regression, colonialism and destabilization. Globalization is a concept that requires careful and critical examination since sharp and enlightening definition boosts perception, is interesting and empowers people with knowledge deemed important in shaping up society’s destiny. It is worth noting that most of the intellectual imaginations have been gripped by the concept of globalization. Scholars and lay circle have commonly pursue a perception that globalization is an analytical prerequisite used in appreciating continuousness and adjustment of contempor ary society. Presently, the term has really spawned a lot of confrontational and highly intuitive annotation (Dreher, Gaston and Martens 2008, p. 14-17). ... This further signifies the impact of the contemporary social relation and the fact that there is a common and new character shared within the society because of the relevancy and the context of the term to the society. In academic, various disciplines have incorporated the word globalization in their studies and event tried to relate numerous phenomenon with it. Also, it has been applicable in several theoretical approaches as well as political spectrum across the world thus symbolizing its usefulness in the society (Meerhaeghe 2012, p. 239-45). It is undeniable that the idea of globalization remains absolutely indescribable as it is inescapable and that as much as it means something crucial, surety about what that vital thing is remains unknown. As much it is widely used, it seems that globalization do not have cogent conceptualization to qualify it being treated as a serious scholarly issue (Dreher, Gaston and Martens 2008, p. 14-17). In fact, the poor conceptualization has borne p ersistent ambiguity and confusion resulting into a bunch of objectors with suspicious motives or even the notion of intellectual laziness. The current confusion of the term is as a result of failure to engender convincing understanding that do not relate with other concepts as it is evident in some of the definitions including globalization as internalization, liberalization, universalization and westernization. Globalization as Internationalization By terming globalization as internalization it implies enhancement of transactions and interdependence amongst countries and therefore a more global world is characterized by more ideas, information, merchandise, finances and investments. Bishop, Reinke and Adams (2011, p.

Internship Report Format Essay Example for Free

Internship Report Format Essay Internship (Industrial Training) Report: An internship report is an organization study, a case study or a survey of an organization. The students are expected to make factual observation about functioning of an organization. The study is organization specific done by a student. The students are expected to study the whole organization or a wing of the organization (if the organization is of giant size). It is compulsory for the students to take up assignments or tasks (Project) given by the organization during their study period. Objective: To apprise students of the functioning of an organization. Submission of the Internship Report The internship report (Final- 3 hard bound copy and a soft copy) should be submitted Time Frame : 6 weeks Presentation and Viva The internship (industrial training) report will be evaluated by a team consisting of faculty members from the institute and the University department. The break up of marks is: a. Industrial Training report Evaluation 25 Marks b. Viva Voce 25 Marks Total 50 Marks Internship Report Format Purpose: To study Organizational activities in all functional areas and relate this to theoretical knowledge acquired and also to work on a project in one of the functional areas. Contents 1. Preliminary pages ââ€" ª Title Page (cover page and inside first page) ââ€" ª Declaration (By the student) ââ€" ª Certificate (Principal of the college On the letterhead) ââ€" ª Certificate (Faculty Guide in the College On the letterhead of the College) ââ€" ª Certificate (Organizational Guide on the letterhead of the Organization) ââ€" ª Acknowledgement ââ€" ª Contents ââ€" ª List of tables ââ€" ª List of charts / graphs 2. Executive Summary (Should contain summary of part A Part B in 2-3 pages) PART â€Å"A: Organizational Study 3. Chapter One Industry Profile Industry scenario with the various players details 4. Chapter Two Company Profile Details of the organization including the organization structure, A wards Certifications, SWOT analysis /Vision, Mission, Goals and objectives ,Markets present, market share, financials, Details of their products, Details of the various departments they have (Functional areas/Divisions) like ââ€" ª People ââ€" ª Policies ââ€" ª Systems and procedures ââ€" ª Problems if any Suggestions/Recommendations ( if any). PART â€Å"B: Study of the Problem / Issue 4. Chapter THREE Research Design †¢Statement of the Problem †¢Title of the project/study †¢Objectives of the Study †¢Scope of the study †¢Operational Definitions †¢Research Methodology 1. Sources of Data (Primary Secondary) 2. Research Method or type of study (Descriptive/Exploratory/ Experimental) 3. Sampling Plan (Sampling Unit, Sample size, Sampling Method) 4. Contact Method (Personal interview- Prior Appointment/Intercept / Mail / Telephone) 5. Data Collection Method (Questionnaire, Mechanical Devices) (ie., Research Instrument used). 6. Limitations of the Study 5.Chapter FOUR Data Analysis 6.Chapter FIVE Findings. Recommendations/Suggestions, Conclusion 7.My Learning 8.Bibliography (Don’t put chapter and page no. for this) The list of Books referred -Author, Title, edition, Publisher, Year of Publication and ISBN number. The list of Journals / Magazines etc referred Name of the journal/magazine, Publishing house, year/month of issue and article referred with the name(s) of the author of the article, and Page Numbers The list of the web sites (Not Search Engines) browsed The newspapers referred with Name of the Newspaper, edition and date of issue, the article title and the name of the person(s) who wrote the article. The names of the internal/private circulation material of any organization etc with details of it 9. Annexure (Don’t put chapter and page no. for this) Questionnaire, Interview Schedule, Financial Statements, Analysis sheets etc., Report: †¢ The report should be around 100 pages excluding the initial pages (certificates, declaration, contents) †¢ Spell check and grammar check to be made by the student before the final print is Taken. †¢ Both sides justification for all the pages †¢ Hard bound with Sky Blue Colour Cover. †¢ Font Size 12 for text/14 for headings Subheadings. †¢ 1.5 line spacing †¢ A4 Size Executive Bond Paper. †¢ Font style: Times New Roman / Arial. †¢ Foot notes-End of each chapter †¢ References at the end of each chapter

Essay --

There are a lot of women suffering from different types of prolapses with uterine being one of the most common and they do not seek medical attention due to being embarrassed or just scared. It is somewhat considered taboo and isn’t spoken of as often as say, having a hysterectomy or other female conditions. Most women are unaware of the symptoms and therefore don’t seek medical attention before it becomes a more serious issue that will most likely require surgery to fix. The definition of uterine prolapse is the uterus gradually descends into the vagina and often times takes the upper portions of the vagina with it. Most often a prolapse is caused by weakened pelvic floor muscles and ligaments. It can present at any stage but often comes in three distinct stages. Once it descends into the vagina walls it can continue to descend until it actually protrudes out of the vagina entrance. In the 1st degree the cervix is still inside the vagina. In the 2nd degree the cervix appears outside the vagina opening and the labia can become irritated and ulcerative. In the 3rd degree there is a complete prolapse outside of the body and it can contain the bladder, uterus and rectum. This condition is sometimes called a complete procidentia. It can be caused by a multitude of reasons. Multiple vaginal births, having larger babies, excessive straining from constipation, heavy lifting or being overweight, weak pelvic floor muscles due to lack of use, aging or going through menopause. Although uterine prolapse can happen to anyone at any age, it’s most common in women who have gone through menopause and for many of the reasons stated above. Some of the symptoms of pelvic floor organ prolapse are: havin... ...ith prolapsed organs. Maintaining a healthy diet to include lots of fruits and vegetables and fiber is the best way to prevent constipation as well as drinking plenty of fluids. It has been recommended to drink half your body weight in ounces every day to maintain a healthy inner eco system. Drinking plenty of water helps maintain balance of hormones, bowel functions and cellular health. Other preventive measures can be taken when heavy lifting is required, be sure to used legs when lifting heavy objects or while working out. Proper lifting techniques will also prevent other injuries. By maintaining a healthy weight you will also prevent undue pressure on lower pelvic floor muscles. By practicing good prevention techniques not only will the pelvic floor be in good health but the rest of the body will benefit as well. Here’s to pelvic floor health! W/C 1184

The Challenging Issue of the Separation of Church and State :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Challenging Issue of the Separation of Church and State When the first amendment was written it said â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting and establishment or religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚   This was written because America didn’t want a mandatory religious system like that of England.   American people didn’t want freedom from religion they simply wanted freedom of religion.   Even the men who wrote the constitution believed that God could do much more than man, therefore they used the Bible to help form the government. Our constitution has been amended and changed driven by the effects of modern controversies. The founding fathers did not intend to create a Christian nation.   The Christian cross and American flag were displayed in public places with hardly any voice of dissent.   Jefferson felt that he did not have the constitutional authority to lead the people in act of prayer. Under the strong influence of Virginia, southern states decided to rewrite their constitution and disestablish all Churches.   The constitution was then rewritten with God’s name removed. The issue whether or not church and state should be separate didn’t evolve until the 19th century, and today it is hot topic among both separationists and accommodationists alike.   Separationists are the people who push separation of church Separationists feel that neither state nor the federal government can set up churches / aid religion; there should be absolutely no governmental funding of religious activity/displays, any praying in public school / teaching of evolution.   On the opposing side, accommodationists oppose separation between church and state, interpreting the first amendment exactly as it is stated.   No where in the first amendment does it say â€Å"separation of church and state . Accommodationists support government funding of religious schools / organization, they support government organized (non denominational) prayers, and the funding of religious displays. Religions place in schools has always been scrutinized.   In 1954 ‘under God’ was placed in the pledge of allegiance.   Since then, regulations have severely changed.   Prayer in schools has been deemed unconstitutional. Instead, schools allow a moment of silence as long as no religious intent is applied.   Prayer is allowed in schools as long as students initiate and control the religious meetings. In Doe vs. Santa Fe, during a school football game over the school PA system, a prayer was announced.   The school claimed prayer â€Å"promotes good sportsmanship and student safety, and to establish the appropriate environment for the competition.

Chapter Ii: Review of Related Literature

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature History of School Papers In the public high schools in the City of Manila, school newspapers were published as early as 1930, although records show that The Coconut, a mimeographed copy and edited by Carlos P. Romulo came out in the school year 1911-1912. For several years some big schools in the public schools in Manila had one newspaper, the first three pages of which were devoted to English and the remaining pages to Filipino. It was only in 1960 when some big schools published separate issues in English and in Filipino.In 1952, formal instructions in high school journalism began. That was the time when Mrs. Sarah England, an American teacher of Mapa High School, experimented on the teaching of journalism. The experiment proved so successful that other four existing high schools followed suit. These schools formally offered journalism as a vocational subject holding classes on a daily double period throughout the school year. Since then, jo urnalism has been under the supervision of English supervisors, but grades were considered as vocational subjects. History of School Newspapers in the PhilippinesAccording to Jesus Valenzuela in the History of Journalism in the Philippine Islands (1933) and John Lent in the Philippine Mass Communication (1964), the history of campus journalism in the Philippines started when the University of Santo Tomas published El Liliputiense in 1890. However, Oscar Manalo, NarcisoMatienzo, and VirgilioMonteloyola in AngPamahayagan (1985) argued that the history of campus journalism in the country started when the University of the Philippines published The College Folio, now The Philippine Collegian, in 1910.They also added that The Torch of the Philippine Normal University, The Guidon of the Ateneo de Manila University, and The Varsitarian of the University of Santo Tomas were also published two years later. Whatever came first, Carlos Romulo y Pena edited The Coconut, the official student pub lication of the Manila High School, now the Araullo High School. It was published in 1912 and it is now considered the first and oldest high school newspaper in the country. In 1923, La Union High School in the Ilocos Region published The La Union Tab, the first printed and regularly issued high school newspaper in the country.Since then, high school newspapers came out one after the other. Among these high school newspapers were The Pampangan, Pampanga High School, 1925; The Leytean, Leyte High School, 1925; The Rizalian, Rizal High School, 1926; The Coconut, Tayabas High School, 1927; The Volcano, Batangas High School, 1927; The Toil, La Union Trade School, 1928; The Samarinian, Samar High School, 1928; The Melting Pot, Tarlac High School, 1929; The Granary, Nueva Ecija High School, 1929; The Torres Torch, Torres High School, 1930; and The Cagayan Student Chronicle, Cagayan High School, 1931.In 1931, 30 out of 106 high schools in the country had campus newspapers registered at the Bureau of Public Schools. In 1950, this number increased to 169; by 1954, to 253; by 1975, to 500; and by 1986, to more than 900 newspapers in English and in Filipino (Escote, A. 2008). Functions of School Papers Journalism is an academic discourse guaranteed by Republic Act No. 7079, also known as the Campus Journalism Act of 1991, which protects freedom of the press at the campus level and promotes the growth and development of campus journalism as a means of developing moral character, encouraging critical thinking, and strengthening ethical values.Journalism, the art and science of writing for newspapers, periodicals, radio, television, and online publications, enfolds timely and factual reports of unusual or unexpected events, opinions, or situations that affect man and his environment. These reports are gathered, evaluated, and published, broadcasted, or posted on the Web to inform, to entertain, or to influence a large number of readers. The School Paper Advisers According t o Binoya (1999), a school paper adviser has his own mission.The effective and efficient management of a school paper is measured not solely or the merit of a written master plan that predetermines a course of action to be pursued for optimum results. It should likewise place a high premium on how the adviser assumes the role as a mentor to budding journalists. Mentoring is a challenging endeavor that is truly regarding to both the teacher and the student. The mentor finds fulfillment in discovery and development an eager learner and potential champion.A disgruntled and inept adviser is the primary source of disenchantment among young workers. Campus journalist to succeed in their craft need to find an adviser who is determined to make jobs to make his work a happy growing experience. School paper advising is a real challenge where problems encountered every adviser must be handed systematically, various local studies were presented such as Tanodra(1992) revealed in her study that th e greatest number of high school paper advisers in Metro Manila ere not adequately prepared and trained in information disseminating work.She further revealed that because of their paper advisers’ encountered problems with their students’ staff, their fellow teachers and school administrator or principal. Binoya (1999) indicates that the adviser’s number one mission is to inspire young writers to give the school publication their best effort. These could be realized by pursuing these goals. 1. Make school paper advising a more challenging task and perform the job at high level of excellence. 2. Don’t make our staff for granted. Recognize that work achievement. 3. Consider the staff as a team. Show our concern.Don’t hide the fact that we are as human as the young people we work with. Roles and Responsibilities The following are the duties and responsibilities of the school paper adviser as listed by Binoya (1999): 1. Organize at the beginning of the school year and handle journalism classes with above average intelligence and inclination to writing. 2. Organize the school paper tasks. 3. Undertake the structuring, cleanliness maintenance of the staff room. 4. Administer division test in journalism, correct and report of such tests. 5. Read memoranda, bulletins, circulars, information, etc. or the implementation and dissemination of pertinent ones in the school paper. 6. Attend journalism in-service meetings, seminar-workshops demonstration, lessons, city-wide and regional contests. 7. Prepare daily lesson plans. 8. Prepare journalism exercises and instructional aids materials. 9. Evaluate and record pupil performance in the journalism aids and materials. 10. Train contestants for decision, regional, and national contest in journalism. 11. Set up timetable for the production and distribution of the school paper. 12. Copy read article for the publications. 13.Type corrected articles submitted by the staff members. 14. Work with the staff and layout of the school paper. 15. Submit articles and pictures with the corresponding picture to the printer. 16. Proof-read typeset materials and follow up production of school paper at the press until its completed. 17. Take picture of significant activities in the school and in the community. 18. Accompany the staff members in the survey of the school and community resources and activities in joining journalism contests and conferences, and in going to and from the press and in awarding ceremonies. 9. Prepare with the staff the dummy and headlines of the school paper. 20. Prepare pictures for the publication, cropping, caption writing, indicating printers’ directions. 21. Verify through research and interview facts reported in articles submitted by the staffers. 22. Prepare financial reports on expenditures from paper subscription funds after every issue. 23. Keep and update school morgue and file of exchanges. 24. Prepare financial reports on expenditures from paper subscription funds after every issue. 25.Take charge of and be responsible for all books, property and equipment issued for the use of journalism classes. 26. Keep and update school paper morgue and file exchanges. 27. Execute and submit a clearance form issued by the Journalism and School Paper services at the end of the school year and upon going maternity leave, sabbatical leave, study leave, resignation, retirement, and transfer to other office, school, division or change of assignment. 28. Submit file copies of every issue of the school paper to the office of the Journalism and School Paper Services 29.Executive and submit performance rating together with the worksheet. 30. Exert all effort and implement all possible means to improve instruction, develop right values, and accelerate performance. 31. Any change in assignment, all books and other staff property should be turned over to this new advisers and critic. Incompetence of Newspapers Advisers Pan (1990) has listed down the major characteristics of teacher, Advisers such as: credibility, trustworthiness, and expertise among those that affect the teachers of journalism and advising of school paper.She also mentioned administrative support, lack of facilities and equipment, in teaching load as some of the problems encountered by the teacher adviser. Oliva (1999) mentioned that campus journalism should be included in the public secondary curriculum. He also suggested that school administrators should give their full support in promoting campus journalism because it is where our future writers will get motivated. He also suggested that school paper advisers should start to educate students abut consequence of media and students should realize the importance of responsible journalism.The lack and the needs to have better (trained) advisers Consequently, Roque (1972) stated that the task of putting out a school publication requires not only the ability to write effectively but also the ability to pl an, finance, and manage the campus paper. He believes that one who undertakes the writing of a guide for teaching journalism should include the various details that go into managing a school paper as well as offer helpful editorial tips in ranging from the development of the papers format to writing and illustrating news on feature story.He believes that a good school newspaper of journalism could take up the choice and training of the staff, how to prepare the budget, how to plan and layout, copy read, developing and printing pictures, style books production and relationship between the press and the administration Sicat (1988) believes that responsible leadership is naturally developed among the students as they come to know their duties and responsibilities to themselves and others.He added that like any other teacher in the school, the school paper adviser must know the many behaviors of students in the organization that affect the daily climate He should be the one who helps th e students move toward self-direction. While assisting the needs and problems of the students, good rapport and empathy are stimulating characteristics of a school paper adviser. School newspaper adviser’s attainment and preparation are factors contributive to the acquisition of knowledge and information, development of desirable habits, skills and display of favorable attitudes and appreciation.Complimentary to educational attainment are the fruits of competence and creativity but dedication is one’s commitment. Attitude and values towards work are the story factors on how to measure the performance of a school paper adviser. Important Writing Skills Considering that the teachers plays a vital role in bringing along the language arts to the mind of the learners, the teacher according Vile (2008:1) should involve setting the conditions for learning by understanding how a learner learns.The teacher has to determine the teaching style, the approach to be used, the method and the classroom techniques, procedures and activities to be used in the classroom. The classroom then must create a conducive atmosphere that is geared towards teaching students how to communicate genuinely, spontaneously and meaningfully in the second or foreign language. Thus, implying the use for communicative competence. (Novilen A. Bendebel 1996)Kinsella (1981) stated that the inability to spell correctly and confidently is one of the most serious problems in writing for many people. If language is incorrect, then what is said is not meant. If what is said is not meant, then what ought to be done remains undone (Jean Wrynick, 1986) Velmonte (1980) pointed out to attain success in speaking or writing in any language, one most first have something to say; one has to know how to express what he wants to say correctly and effectively.This ability in correct expression, oral or written, depends upon the development of certain abilities and skills. Lado (1989) stressed that in a d evelopment of oral and unwritten skills, teachers have to steer clear of the tendency to over-emphasize the parts of speech. The ability to speak and understand a language is different from the mouthing of rules and parts of speech. Often those who can use language are unable to recite its rules and to memorize the parts of speech and also those who can recite its rules are unable to se it. Knowledge about the language is not a substitute for language use. The task of the teacher of composition writing is to establish the context for learning. He can do this by exercising control in setting the students’ task, so that the student is free to invent his own ideas, put them into sentences and paragraphs and organize them within a controlled situation. Whom establishing this context for learning, the teacher must consider. Rizza B. Bagalanon 1999

Online Shopping Essays

Online Shopping Essays Online Shopping Essay Online Shopping Essay The attitudes of people toward he purchase online are different in Pakistan as compare to other Countries. The purpose of this study is to review the factors felt reservation of consumers in online shopping. The main objective fifths research is to study, especially what are factors affecting the consumers directly for online shopping. To this end, for this purpose use special Observations and also used study papers to develop a clean reports of factors affecting consumers buying behavior as a online Purchasers. The results of the survey analysis has shown that most of the people already shopping online and prefer to make their purchases online, but there are mom factors such as psychological factors, social factors, emotional factors, and the privacy factors, Education Factors, Culture, which affect the buyer attitudes of online purchases. The protection of privacy and providing security to Consumer Who Are Purchasing Online (Use Cards) are major problems that affect the behavior of the population to buy online. Various attitudes of consumers toward online shopping are not in rest in the study which reveals that the purchase online is easy, comfortable and better that conventional shopping due to various factors. Price, the trust, the convenience and the recommendations have been identified as important factors. Price was Considered to be the most fascinating and affecting factor for the majority of students and the general public. Most of the consumers hesitate not to do shopping online, because of the insecure payment and transactions systems. Purpose. Online Shopping In Pakistan, Factors affecting Consumers online Buying Behavior, Future of Online Shopping in Pakistan, Virtual purchasing Introduction: From The Last Ten Years Researchers and practitioners thinking new ways to motivate Customers to purchase using the electronic commerce. Hence they are looking with great insight the behavior of Customers. With the development of the retail E-commerce, researchers continue to explain E- attitude of consumers by different perspectives. E-commerce is the buying and selling of the goods and services online; internet is the best source to use this tool. Today the amount of trade that is conducted electronically using e-commerce has increased with a wide spread usage Of internet and technology. E- commerce includes transferring of funds online, Online Banking Services supply chain management, marketing over internet, In Pakistan it started as buying of online services from other countries virtually and it involved a omelet trade in which service was given through internet and money was transferred through credit Cards. The invention of the internet has created a new way of the Purchasing as compare to traditional way people shop. Customers are no longer tied to be waiting for opening of Shops; it may become active virtually at any time and any place to purchase products and services. The Internet is relatively new medium for the communication and the exchange of information which has become present in our daily lives. The number of Internet users is constantly increasing, which is also significance that online purchasing is increasing avidly. The Future of Online Purchasing now opening new ways for small investors to Invest and Work Virtually by Starting their Business. (Joins, Scorcher Schlep, 2003). Today managers are tapping into the power of e-commerce. Observing many feasible solutions to sinking business Sector Of Pakistan, A large number Of firms have acquired e-commerce for their business and have progressed through this tool. E business has emerged to be the one of the most important marketing and sales tool. With the help of E-Business you can purchase anything that is available on the internet. Critical understanding of consumer behavior in the electronic environment, as in this physical world, can be achieved if the factors that affect the purchase decision are ignored or unequivocal. For example, online consumers fears about the lack opportunity to examine products before purchase specifically regarded as influential factors in direct purchase Decision. Therefore, several researchers have proposed that the consumers purchasing behavior in online shops could Be Different. Buyers and frequent use of the Internet shopping expected more often will be marketed and enhances their confidence on web site for the less online prevalent and buyers. It is clear that some electronic markets unique characteristics. If the electronic means any ignored basic facts about consumer behavior, and because of this point more than promises and marketing electronic in this context business to consumers will not be achieved [Nuns, 2001]. Through e business different type businesses has gained an opportunity to increase their sale and can maintain a direct Relationship with its customers without any other person between you and your customer. E-business has helped a lot in the globalization of businesses throughout the world. Companies can easily market their product in the whole world And can create retreat market of their product. Ernst Young (2000) is stated that its cost and competitive prices, due to the purchase on the internet delivery but the products cinch to review the system and fear of credit card hacking consumers are major concern. Internet shopping refers to purchase of goods and services through the Internet. An internet negotiate incarnation applies to the psychological state of our customers, in terms of online shopping. Consumers are reluctant to buy products online and it has many reasons for this phenomenon because they consider that they do not believe in the recess of online purchases for the insecurity of credit or debit cards, the passwords, the Process of hacking information, less time to devote, unreliable, entrust;rotor, a breach of privacy and social risks. Research Objectives: What are the main factors, which concerns the on-line consumers to shop online on the Internet? how these Factors influence the consumers, when shopping online? Why is it that consumers delay or hesitate to make decision for shopping online? Literature Review. We always here the back comments about Internet and blamed that They Decrease Activity in local Circle, But now with a computer and access to internet a person can think globally to start a online Business. According to (Vestry Chapter, 2001) the internet can make it easier for businesses to have information on their products and services available to their potential customers. A company can meet the individual needs of the customer information to a lower cost per report to the dispatch of product catalog. Vestry Chapter, 2001 ) asserts that the businesses without physical presence must market themselves considerably, both online and off line, for that the Consumers to remember their name. Smith and Erupt (2003) have examined and identify the factors in their work hat affects the behavior of consumers. These issues have been identified as for the marketing effort, socio-cultural inf luence, emotional factor, the psychological factors and privacy factors, to the experience, the purchase and post -purchase decisions. They also show that consumers are affected by various psychological factors, such as perception, motivation, personality, attitudes and emotions. Due to the importance of making consumers feel secure and comfortable, the author argues that the information concerning the security must be to the mediation consumers in such a way that the sense of security is increased. The study clearly indicates that the trust and convenience are major influence for the online consumer shopping behavior, even if they are influencing the decision making process Smith and Erupt (2003). Research Methodology. According to Mr.. Trochaic, Random Samples can be selected from a selected Population whos Attributes Represents the Whole selected Population hence the Resultant Factors can be applied to the whole population because the random samples are considered to be Universal Attributes. In this Study used my observation and also Questionnaires from Random Samples Base on demographics Conditions Such as age, gender, sessions etc. Data Analysis and Findings, Table 1: Demographic summary of survey participants. Based on Genders Category Frequency Percentage Males 67 67% Females 33 33% Totals. 100 100% Based on Age 18-27 45 28-37 30 37-onward 25 25% The survey has been conducted on the 1 00 random samples of selected population. Hence, table: 1 Illustrate that 67% males and 33% females respondents participated in Online Shopping Survey. At the Same Time as 45% participants are 18-27 age of Group. And the 35% participant are 28-37% age group, while the rest of the category belongs to above the age group of 37 and more. The results of the Survey Reveals very extreme situation that mostly the young population (18-27) engaged in Online Shopping Online shopping is a new thing for people in Pakistan. But According to my Survey it reveals that Peoples in Pakistan very rapidly moving towards online shopping. About 44% peoples are engaged in online Shopping and 54% are not purchase online they also declare that they have never experienced do any kind of online shopping, Although most of them argue that they will buy online in future. Enormous and Fast expansion of Internet from the last decade, the people of Pakistan are taking interest in online shopping. They said that they want to purchase online while sitting in their homes and work place, after getting good service response, quality of product, competitive price and on time delivery through online shopping, then always try to recommend their friends and family members for online shopping. This to be the Evidence that 40% Peoples want to purchase Online but Due To Security Risks and flaws they Dont Purchase. Also price on the Online Store Comparatively high from local Stores. These are the Major Problems Demonstrated by the peoples they want an easy cash system and security also Form Filling Help Videos and easy to Understand Website. The overall results in chart 3 demonstrate that about 70% of the people positively believe that much time is saved while shopping online because it is the fact that when shopping online from home or office does not involve to leave that place, that could be consider as a time saving. On the other side about 27% of the people have neutral attitude about this and 3% of the people have negative attitude towards time saving factor through online shopping. Trust and security is the main factor that hinders people from purchasing online. This will investigate overall respondent attitude towards trust and security when shopping online. It has been asked from the respondent how much they felt secure when shopping online. The use of credit and debit cards and other account details while shopping Online creates a risk of disclose of personal details due to which it could be misuse of personal and account information of the customer. From The above Chart It can be illustrate that only 28% peoples trust and fell secure while purchasing online. Although the Purchasing Online Ratio is Higher as compare to trust factor but these purchaser also have fear of their privacy hacking and misuse of it. About 58% dont Felt Secure when archiving online and included also those who purchase online. In Questionnaire they said that they felt insecure when they enter their accounts information to an unknown Website who Guarantee they Dont Misuse Our Personal Information. Price is also a Factor which Peoples considered when purchasing Online. Usually Most of the online stores charge greater price as compare to local store so peoples dont consider to buy online a costly product. The Above Chart Clearly Showing that about 40% Peoples have the View That Things are Costly on the Internet, So, Thats Why They Dont Want to by Online. Chart 6 results confirms that almost 49% people have opinion in accordance with this fact that online shopping is convenient and easy as compare to shopping in the market. On the other side about 19% were in opposition to this perception that it is not very convenient and easy for everyone to find the right product easily through online Shopping. About 32 % were neutral in this regard that online shopping is neither convenient nor inconvenient. Overall respondents have a positive attitude towards online shopping is convenient. And they want to buy online. In Pakistan culture, there are bounties of the factors which are affecting inline shopping consumers buying behavior. For instance psychological, social, emotional and privacy factors have major effects on consumers buying behavior. Chart 7 results shows that 40% of the respondent has agreed on that Psychological factor is the main factor not to do online shopping and affecting consumer buying behavior. About 25% of the respondents pointed out the privacy factor, 20% pointed out social factor and 15% pointed out emotional factor affecting Pakistani consumers buying behavior. It has been mentioned that adverse to democratic belief, the consumers will not have to ay for privacy, and consists of the elimination of the revelation of the identity of the Internet Services. They Afraid Of Doing Online Transactions. The results of the survey in chart 8 demonstrate that 38% about of the respondents have agreed with this that different organizations would be able to market their products or brands through online shopping via Internet and they can offer cash discount deals on online shopping instantly. About 22% of the respondents neither agree nor disagree on online marketing and get discounted deals directly. And 40% of the respondents were in opposition to his stance and they had never get discounted deals through online shopping. Conclusion. The study was accomplished to discover the effects of online shopping towards the attitude of consumer buying behavior in Pakistan. Online shopping is getting more and trendier in Pakistan as well as in rest of the world but the velocity of online shopping in Pakistan is slower as compared to the entire world. According to our survey, online shopping is getting popularity in the young generation such as students and professionals. Students usually prefer to buy goods from its original source and they mostly prefer online shopping When a consumers to make purchases online to buy something, he or she is affected by assorted factors. The main influencing factors have been identified as, price, confidence, security, convenience, time, after sale service and discounted deals. The price factor exists because the prices are often lower through online shopping as compared with physical purchases in the market. Buy online can be of great benefit to the consumer in terms of convenience, saving time and money. One of the prime obstacles in the way back-up of online shopping is that people usually get petrified when the other computer demands the complete details of the customers. Due to which a customer gets anxious that his or her personal details may get disclosed and their precious money and account details get damaged. Tranquility is obviously necessary given that the consumer must share personal information (full name, delivery address and date of birth) and financial information (credit card detail) when shopping online.

Learn How to Solve an Entropy Change Problem

Learn How to Solve an Entropy Change Problem This example problem demonstrates how to examine the reactants and products to predict the sign of the change in entropy of a reaction. Knowing if the change in entropy should be positive or negative is a useful tool to check your work on problems involving changes in entropy. It is easy to lose a sign during thermochemistry homework problems. Entropy Problem Determine if the entropy change will be positive or negative for the following reactions:A) (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) → Cr2O3(s) 4 H2O(l) CO2(g)B) 2 H2(g) O2(g) → 2 H2O(g)C) PCl5 → PCl3 Cl2(g) Solution Entropy of a reaction refers to the positional probabilities for each reactant. An atom in gas phase has more options for position than the same atom in a solid phase. This is why gases have more entropy than solids.In reactions, the positional probabilities must be compared for all the reactants to the products produced.If the reaction involves only gases, the entropy is related to the total number of moles on either side of the reaction. A decrease in the number of moles on the product side means lower entropy. An increase in the number of moles on the product side means higher entropy.If the reaction involves multiple phases, the production of a gas typically increases the entropy much more than any increase in moles of a liquid or solid.Reaction A(NH4)2Cr2O7(s) → Cr2O3(s) 4 H2O(l) CO2(g)The reactant side contains only one mole where the product side has six moles produced. The was also a gas produced. The change in entropy will be positive.Reaction B2 H2(g) O2(g) â†⠀™ 2 H2O(g)There are 3 moles on the reactant side and only 2 on the product side. The change in entropy will be negative.Reaction CPCl5 → PCl3 Cl2(g)There are more moles on the product side than on the reactant side, therefore the change in entropy will be positive. Answer: Reactions A and C will have positive changes in entropy.Reaction B will have negative changes in entropy.

Why I should have an A in the English class Essays

Why I should have an A in the English class Essays Why I should have an A in the English class Essay Why I should have an A in the English class Essay I have come to discover that success is not just an event, rather, it is a series of events. When we say that someone is successful, what we often see is the eventual outcome of what has transpired in the secret. Fundamentally, success comes as a result of everyday events. Nothing captures this better that the words of Albert Einstein who said that â€Å"Genius is 90 per cent perspiration and 10 per cent inspiration.Consequently, I approach all my courses in this manner. For me, an A in the English class is a reality because of what I have sown into the course. Therefore, it will be no surprise to me if at the end of the year I have an A in the English class. I say this because of the following reasons.Firstly, I make sure I attend all classes in the course and if for any reason I can not attend, I make sure I go through the class note and course material used while I was absent from class. Apart from this, I make sure I read ahead of the class so that I can comprehend what the teacher is teaching. Also, I attend tutorial classes that are organized by the class and I do not miss any discussion class in the course.Furthermore, I understand that I will be impossible for me to pass a course without developing interest in the course. In view of this, I make sure I developed a unique interest in the English class and I make sure I keep my notes updated at all times. When I get home, I review what I have learnt in class and this has helped in making me have a better knowledge of what has been taught. In addition to this, I have registered for some online tutorials where I have access to various materials that explains what we learn in class better.In conclusion, I believe that failure to preparation is the key to all successes and so I test myself intermittently in order to assess my level of preparedness and how much I have learnt in the course. My perspective of the English class has changed and this has helped me in having a positive attit ude towards learning generally. Today, I can say that English is not only a course to me, it is a platform for me to equip myself for the challenges ahead.

The Chernobyl disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Chernobyl disaster - Essay Example There were economic, technological and political factors alongside the almost complete lack of effective health and safety measures were highly evident causes of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Indeed despite its then status as a military superpower in the mid 1980s the Soviet Union had serious problems that the Chernobyl nuclear disaster amply demonstrated. By the mid 1980s the Stalinist era economic planning and one party political systems of the Soviet Union were beginning to show their age and their propensity for economic failure, administrative inefficiency, and declining political legitimacy. More ominously the Soviet Union’s outdated industries were a danger both to its own people, other countries, as well as the environment. The strain of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and a renewed a nuclear arms race with the United States were not taken by the stagnant economy (White, 1990). The main economic and political institutions as well as it systems dated back to the infrastructure constructed by Stalin in the late1920s and the 1930s. The collectivisation of agriculture and industrialisation had been achieved at great human cost, with political obedience and loyalty to the Communists counting for more than efficiency or ability to do their jobs (James, 2003 p. 53). When such an approach was typical of the managers and the workers of nuclear power stations it was always a potential cause of accidents. The Soviet Union had suffered horrendous losses during the Second World War which were partially compensated by the gaining of satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as the desire to prevent itself being invaded ever again (James, 2003 p. 301). Yet the onset of the Cold War meant that the Soviet Union took undue risk in both its civil and its military nuclear programmes in order to generate electricity and make atomic weapons as quickly as possible. Undue risks that

Old advertising and marketing vs. effective new media campaigns Essay

Old advertising and marketing vs. effective new media campaigns - Essay Example Both Fordism and post-Fordism have to do with the organisation of businesses, but they are normally extended to include political and social spheres (Tuten, 2008). Fordism was the accepted process and practice in the industrialisation of nations in the past. It was focused on delivering effectiveness in the processes of mass production. Post-Fordism, on the other hand, is applied in modern definitions of industrial progress as the previous grew less efficient in handling the new technical innovations (Ioannides and Debbage, 1997). The fundamental values of Fordism were the establishment of big processing production facilities that were characterised by inflexibility in a procedure that was supervised by a hierarchical and bureaucratic executive system. A partially-skilled workforce was engaged to function in repetitive as well as highly specialised operations. The dominant political and societal constituent of Fordism was that it was centred on shielding the national market (Boynton and Milazzo, 1996). It aimed to preserve jobs within borders with the aim of selling principally to the populace of the local market. Fordism, which got its name from Henry Ford, proposed the design of central control, homogeny and the capacity to cultivate and meet the requirements necessary for the mass consumption of products and services market. Post-Fordism, on the other hand, has to do with the era of technical advancements which have altered the entire procedure of production. The extensive, bureaucratic business establishment that characterized Fordism is no longer relevant. The post-Fordist model is evident in the reorganisation of the administrative structures of organizations. In such corporate structures, there are fewer employees, as well as the specialization of all operations. Post-Fordism is interested in consumer preferences, and market segmentation (Kompare, 2006). The basic doctrines of post-Fordism would be making use of more flexibility, and ensuring that the la bour force is only constituted of specialists, with blue collar skills being subcontracted to other companies market. There is a greater stress on individual consumer tastes and distinctiveness instead of the perception of the consumer force as a joint homogenised unit. Another critical disparity between post-Fordism and Fordism is that the former sees the economy in international terms, having given up its domestic interests that were characterised by the Fordist glory days after World War II (Ioannides and Debbage, 1997). Both post-Fordism and Fordism are widely used in many industries in developing as well as developed nations in the world (Boxall and Purcell, 2008). The technology division has clearly espoused the principles of post-Fordism, but the Fordist principles are still used by many corporations. The bigger the business and the more conventional its manufactured goods, the more it is inclined towards observing the Fordist values of organisation. Moreover, the post-Fordis t method of conducting business is quickly gathering momentum, and is the obvious practice of the future (Boxall and Purcell, 2008). Post-Fordism has complicated the conventional Marxist connection between the employee’s labour time and the extent of her or his misuse (Hutchison, 2008). As work becomes more dematerialised and the distribution of labour in business production declines, investment not only takes precedence in the working hours in which commodities are produced, it uses up all of the employee’s time, and thoughts. Goods are formed not to be used up directly, but as a type of new communication, language, and knowledge (Grainge, 2008). The purpose of consumption these days is not just the creation of products, but the duplication of new variations as well as conditions for the manufacturing process (Grainge, 2008). The operations of the immaterial businesses become the creation of subjectivities that are creative as well as cultural categories, and not fina ncial ones. Consumption

Colombia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Colombia - Essay Example Colombia, a country in northern South America, borders the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean and is situated between Panama and Venezuela. Encompassing more than one million square miles, Colombia is ranked currently as the 26th largest country in the world, slightly smaller than twice the size of Texas (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011). Its climate is tropical along its coasts and plains, but in the Andes Mountains it is slightly cooler, and it has a population of 44,725,543 people as of July 2011 (Central Intelligence Agency, 2011). Its government, overall, is a republic with elected officials, with a judicial system that has numerous national and district courts as well as a court of appeals, along with a House of Representatives and a Congress in its legislative branch and a duly-elected President in its executive branch. Colombia was originally colonized under Spanish rule. The Spanish sailed along the north coast of Colombia as early as 1500, but their first permanent settlement, at Santa Marta, was not made until 1525. In 1549, the area was established as a Spanish colony with the capital at Santa Fe de Bogota (Winslow). During the period before Spanish colonization, the area was inhabited by indigenous peoples who were primitive hunters or nomadic farmers, and out of the various Indian groups that were there, the area was dominated by The Chibchas, who lived in the region of present-day city of Bogotà ¡ (Winslow). Columbia actually had its first social movement in history in 1810, when on July 20th of that year the citizens of Bogota created the first representative council in defiance of Spanish authority and to attempt a try for their independence. Over the next three years, they fought for independence, which was proclaimed in 1813, and in 1819 the Republic of Greater Colombia was formed. Simo n Bolivar was elected its first president and Francisco de Paula Santander, vice president. However, just like any other movement, soon conflicts arose between the two leaders and their visions. From their views, two political parties grew and branched out, coming to dominate Colombian politics even today (Winslow). Bolivar managed only to keep authority until 1828, and then everything fell apart. In 1830, Venezuela and Ecuador became separate nations. Through the 19th century and into the 20th century, both political unrest and small, usually unremarkable social movements to combat the social unrest were popular. Strong parties developed along conservative and liberal lines; the conservatives favored centralism and participation by the church in government and education, and the liberals supported federalism, anticlericalism, and some measure of social legislation and fiscal reforms (Columbia Encyclopedia, 2007). The structure of Colombian society in the 1980s, which was always str ongly influenced by traditions inherited from sixteenth-century Spain, was highly stratified, having well-defined class membership, pronounced status differences, and limited vertical social mobility. The urban sector was characterized by a more flexible social system, a growing middle class, and greater participation of the population in national politics. Rural society in all but a few regions was organized in rigidly hierarchical structures in which change of status was very difficult. Only in the coffee-growing departments of Caldas and Antioquia were there sizable segments of the population exhibiting the traits of a rural middle class (Colombia: National Front). Various social movements existed in the 1960s and 1970s, and even well into the 1980s that eventually formed into armies. In 1964 the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) guerrilla group was born. It was followed by other groups, such as the National Liberation Army (ELN) on January 7, 1965, the Popular Libera tion Army (EPL) on July 1967, the Quintin Lame Movement (MAQL) in 1984 and the 19th of April Movement (M-19). (Colombia: National Front) Currently, there are still social movements in Colombia. Some groups make political statements their main

Human Resource Management-Research Project Research Paper - 1

Human Resource Management- Project - Research Paper Example Global organizations should engage in the best practices with regards to the people side of the organization because they can be a source of competitive advantages that can help them survive the mounting pressures of the fast-changing global business environment. Following a promotion that put me in charge of a junior employee at the City Bank, I have been tasked to recruit a replacement to my former Head of Finance position and to oversee the new recruit in discharging bank’s goals and objectives. After a thorough job analysis, I have developed a detailed job description, recruiting plan, Selection strategy (including testing and interviewing), performance evaluation, motivation, employee training, and development. Job Description City bank is a leading financial institution that seeks to recruit a self-driven and experienced Head of Finance; the successful candidate will take charge of the financial management function of the bank ensuring the establishment of appropriate fi nancial plans that will secure the bank’s assets from potential loss. The individual will be responsible for ensuring the bank has appropriate policies and processes and their optimal controls, and carrying out analyses and financial projections in support of the bank’s strategic growth, generate the annual financial budgets and monitoring of the bank’s progress versus these goals. The job also entails maintaining comprehensive yearly cash-flow forecasts, carrying out strategic financial analyses, ensuring the bank’s compliance with regulatory laws, maintaining good relationships with suppliers and other service providers, and supporting external auditing processes. In addition to that, the individual will develop and execute investment plans to ensure maximization of outcomes, continually review and upgrade the accounting systems and procedures in line with the bank’s operating systems, manage and optimize the IT platform to ensure efficiency in d ata keeping and retrieving. Recruitment Plan The key guidelines for the recruitment plan are the specific skills and competencies that are desirable for the position of the Head of Finance position in the bank, advertising mechanism, and the applications evaluation criteria. Applicants must have a Degree in accounting or financial management and at least 10 years’ worth of experience in financial services; desirable skills for the job include financial accounting, planning, and management expertise. Apart from that, prospective candidates must also be experienced in the development of banking policies and procedures, budgeting and budgetary controls. Knowledge of tax laws and regulations, excellent IT skills and in-depth knowledge of accounting software and staff management, development and discipline skills will be an added advantage.

Is CSR a myth a study of the sourcing strategies of the UK food Essay

Is CSR a myth a study of the sourcing strategies of the UK food retailers - Essay Example The study suggests that future marketing opportunities is in providing the consumers with products that deliver value and these should contain ethical social values. This is because the UK consumer is still ethically consciousness and is willing to pay the price for it. However, the retailers are quick to charge a premium while also passing on the burden of cost-effective sourcing to the suppliers. The retailers need to understand that to retain loyal customers they would need to take care of the concerns of the consumers. Some retailers have gone to the extent of selling most of the products in the region where it is produced. This enhances customer relationship and is also cost effective as the supply chains are shorter. Moreover chances of contamination increase in larger supply chains. Overall, the UK food retailers discharge their CSR only to a limited extent. They also adhere to the fair-trade norms to the extent that they have to fulfill the government regulations imposed upon them. They need to attend to the concerns of all the stakeholders and have to ensure that their sourcing is cost effective. Volume purchases at the international level fetches them this benefit. However, not all retailers follow this strategy and some have actually integrated CSR into their strategy not because of the benefits that it gives but because they recognize that they must give back something to the society.

Human Resource Management-Research Project Research Paper - 1

Human Resource Management- Project - Research Paper Example Global organizations should engage in the best practices with regards to the people side of the organization because they can be a source of competitive advantages that can help them survive the mounting pressures of the fast-changing global business environment. Following a promotion that put me in charge of a junior employee at the City Bank, I have been tasked to recruit a replacement to my former Head of Finance position and to oversee the new recruit in discharging bank’s goals and objectives. After a thorough job analysis, I have developed a detailed job description, recruiting plan, Selection strategy (including testing and interviewing), performance evaluation, motivation, employee training, and development. Job Description City bank is a leading financial institution that seeks to recruit a self-driven and experienced Head of Finance; the successful candidate will take charge of the financial management function of the bank ensuring the establishment of appropriate fi nancial plans that will secure the bank’s assets from potential loss. The individual will be responsible for ensuring the bank has appropriate policies and processes and their optimal controls, and carrying out analyses and financial projections in support of the bank’s strategic growth, generate the annual financial budgets and monitoring of the bank’s progress versus these goals. The job also entails maintaining comprehensive yearly cash-flow forecasts, carrying out strategic financial analyses, ensuring the bank’s compliance with regulatory laws, maintaining good relationships with suppliers and other service providers, and supporting external auditing processes. In addition to that, the individual will develop and execute investment plans to ensure maximization of outcomes, continually review and upgrade the accounting systems and procedures in line with the bank’s operating systems, manage and optimize the IT platform to ensure efficiency in d ata keeping and retrieving. Recruitment Plan The key guidelines for the recruitment plan are the specific skills and competencies that are desirable for the position of the Head of Finance position in the bank, advertising mechanism, and the applications evaluation criteria. Applicants must have a Degree in accounting or financial management and at least 10 years’ worth of experience in financial services; desirable skills for the job include financial accounting, planning, and management expertise. Apart from that, prospective candidates must also be experienced in the development of banking policies and procedures, budgeting and budgetary controls. Knowledge of tax laws and regulations, excellent IT skills and in-depth knowledge of accounting software and staff management, development and discipline skills will be an added advantage.

Nursing informatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nursing informatics - Essay Example The key aspect of integrated clinical systems is that they help health service providers gather and store health care related data as a part of the general workflow. In this scenario, an electronic health record system facilitates the health care service providers to get data for billing, the doctor to perceive developments in the efficiency of treatments, a medical researcher to examine the effectiveness of medicine in patients with co-morbidities and a nurse to report an unfavorable reaction. Additionally, an EHR system puts together data to deal with different requirements. The basic goal is to gather data once, then utilize it numerous times. The majority of commercial electronic health records join together data from the large subsidiary services or departments, such as laboratory, pharmacy and radiology, through a wide variety of health care actions (i.e. medication administration records [MAR], nursing plans and medical physician orders). In other words, the use of an EHR system is the next step in the continuous development of healthcare sector that can reinforce the link between healthcare service providers and patients, because the data, and the appropriate and timely accessibility of it, allow health service providers to provide better care and make better decisions ... personal information that is stored in EHRs can be: (TechTarget, 2011; Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2012; National Institutes of Health, 2006) Family history Contact information Allergies Insurance information Information regarding visits to health care specialists Immunization position Information regarding some conditions or diseases A list of medications Records of hospitalization Information regarding some surgeries or procedures performed What are Advantages of EMRs? Healthcare firms can save space by reducing paper work desired for hospitals, medical offices or insurance businesses. One more benefit of electronic health records is that they enable health care groups to organize health care services. In addition, the use of electronic health record systems can save a lot of time. Although faxing and email helps one doctor to obtain data and information from another laboratory or doctor, but for this they had to wait for a long time. But with EHRs, healthcare profess ionals can have immediate access to a patient’s details and data, such as lab tests, x-rays and details of recommendations or allergies, in this way they will be authorized to act right away, as a result saving a lot of precious time (Ellis-Christensen, 2012; Ausmed Education Pty Ltd. , 2012; Outlook Associates, 2010). Given below are some of major advantages of EHRs: (Ausmed Education Pty Ltd. , 2012) Improve communication among healthcare professionals Reduce repetition of information Information is accessible to healthcare professionals remotely All healthcare professionals can access same latest information Improve loyalty and reliability of healthcare Information less likely to be lost or destroyed (as it can happen in case of paperwork) Can more correctly store financial data

Interpreting Financial Results Essay Example for Free

Interpreting Financial Results Essay Targets mission is for their customer to except the most out of them and to pay less for their products. They plan to achieve this by delivering outstanding values, continuous innovation and exceptional guest experiences. As I have research and interpret Targets Financial Results, I was able to identify some trends they have experiences within the last three years. When it comes to Targets Liquidity Ratio, the pattern shows that from 2011 to 2013 they start up went down and slowly went back up. As for their Efficiency Ratio the trend identifies that from 2011 to 2013 they were still starting high then dropping low and slowly coming back up. Now when it comes to the Leverage Ratio Targets has continuous increase for 2011 to 2013 with just a little decrease in some areas and this also goes for the Profitability Ratio, Market Value Indicator soon. I also had the opportunity to compare the financial results of Target with their benchmarking company Walmart. Once I review Walmarts financial results, I saw some of the same trends target had. I also notice that Walmart has a lot more revenue being generated then what Target does. I have attached a financial ratio sheet which will also confirm and identify the trends of both Target and Walmart.

Current Issues Facing Revenue Management

Current Issues Facing Revenue Management This dissertation provides an analysis on how revenue management developed through out the years in different industries with more focus on hotels. It discusses the different revenue management strategies including pricing, capacity control, overbooking and forecasting. Related issues such as economic concerns, customer perception, competition, and common techniques and approaches used for solving revenue management problems are also discussed. Finally, I give my suggestion on some important areas that warrant further research. Introduction Tradditionally the main purpose of revenue management has been to maximise revenue. It is the business practice with aim to see the right inventory to the right customer at the right price at the right time in order to maximise total revenue. (B.C Smith, J.F Leimkuhler and R.M.Darrow Vol 22). The concept of right in this definition means achieving the maximum revenue for the sellers, and gaining maximum value for the buyers(S.E Kimes Vol 40). The basic of revenue management is to offer discounted rates to stimulate demand for inventory that would otherwise go unsold, while limiting the availability of the discounts to customers who are willing to pay a higher price. Hotel companies reported revenue increases of 2 to 5% as a result of using revenue management (Ibid) The Brief History of Revenue Management According to Carroll and Grimes 1995; Hanks, Noland, and Cross 1992; Smith, Leimkuhler, and Darrow1992) Revenue management, also known as yield management, has been widely adopted in the airline, hotel, and rental car industries, but has only recently gained attention in other industries (Kimes 2000; Kimes et al. 1998). Companies using revenue management have reported revenue increases of 2% to 5% (Hanks, Noland, and Cross 1992; Smith, Leimkuhler, and Darrow 1992). In 1980s The airline industry launched revenue management practices. During that time yield management techniques became a common practice among airlines. On January 17, 1985 American Airlines launched its Ultimate Super Saver fares in an effort to compete with the low cost carrier People Express. ( www.ehotelier.com ) The need to fill at least minimum number of seats without selling every seat at discounted was the main reason that triggered the born by revenue management. ( www.ehotelier.com) As new Airline companies started to enter the market in the 1980s, Airline companies were eager to sell enough seats to cover fixed operating expenses. Then once fixed expenses were covered, and there were now fewer remaining seats to sell, the remaining seats could be sold at high prices in order to maximise on revenue and profits. According to (Boyd,1998), the application of correct revenue techniques by US Airlines and Delta Airlines resulted of an increase in revenue of US$500 and $300 million respectively, on the other hand Cross (1997) reports that revenue management helps Marriott Hotel to gainUS$100 million additional annual revenue Elliott (2003) presents how revenue management can contribute substantially to cost savings and revenue maximisation while helping maintain quality. Research on revenue management has extended to several industries, with three major streams of investigation: descriptive (whether revenue management will work for a particular industry), pricing control, and inventory control. Industries that can use revenue management can be classified further by their relative ability to exercise pricing- and demand-control levers. An important aspect of implementing revenue management is to ascertain the extent to which customers will view pricing controls as being fair. While customers may initially view nearly any manipulation as potentially unfair, research on perceived fairness has found that customers generally will accept price manipulations as long as they believe they are gaining a benefit at the same time the business is receiving a benefit from pricing changes. Duration control involves some combination of manipulating customer arrivals and managing actual duration of use, depending on the industry in question. Revenue management uses the basic principles of supply and demand economics, in a tactical way, to generate incremental revenues. There are three essential conditions for revenue management to be applicable: There is a fixed amount of resources available for sale. The resources to sell are very perishable. Customers are willing to pay a different price for using the same resources. The hotel industry fits these criteria extremely well. Obviously, hotels have a fixed inventory of rooms to sell; these rooms are also extremely perishable. Hotel rooms perish every day, any room that is unsold tonight is gone forever. There is also no question that different segments of business are willing to pay different rates under various circumstances. Revenue management is of especially high relevance in cases where fixed costs are high as compared to variable costs. The less variable costs there are, the more added revenue will contribute to overall profit. This makes revenue management perfect for the hotel industry. Effective market segmentation is the key to successful revenue management for hotels. Market segmentation begins with seasonal demand. For years, hoteliers recognized that almost all hotels experience periods of high and lower demand. This is even more obvious in hotels, located in resort and attraction areas. Hotels quickly recognized that consumers would also pay more for rooms with a superior view, such as ocean or mountain views and other unique features of their location; larger or unusual rooms; and rooms with unique features. Hotel revenue management hit its stride when hoteliers examined airline RM and realized that the factors of supply and demand, beyond natural seasonal demand, present opportunities to generate higher revenue. As room demand increases and room supply decreases, hotel rate opportunities also increase. The airlines have taught us that supply demand opportunities appear all year long because of conventions, group bookings, room production through web site marketing, special events and local attractions; all create revenue management opportunities.( Ehotelier ) This dissertation address the way revenue management is applied in hotels in UK and discusses the latest issues that faced revenue managers during the economic down turn last year This dissertation Study has been undertaken through detailed analysis on how revenue management is applied in hotels and then discuss the issues facing Revenue managers today through the analysis of responses to a survey that was sent to revenue managers working at hotels in UK. The research also include several working papers, conference proceedings and case studies that I believe are valuable in this study. Overall, 20 articles have been examined. Several review papers have provided an overview of research on revenue management. A list of these papers is in Table 1. In This dissertation will focus on the progress of revenue management in recent years, especially after 1999. Literature review How Revenue Management is Applied Gallego and Phillips (2004) introduce the concept of flexible products for revenue management. They define a flexible product as a menu of two or more alternative, typically substitute, products offered by a constrained supplier using a sales or booking process. In this context, products include not only physical products but also service offerings. Researchers have applied revenue management models in a wide variety of industries where suppliers offer flexible products. Airlines, hotels and rental car industries represent three major traditional applications of revenue management. These industries share some similar characteristics. All of their products are perishable, the demand for their products vary significantly over time, and they have large fixed costs while variable costs are small in the short run. Because of revenue managements success in these industries, researchers and practitioners have begun trying to adopt it in a wide range of miscellaneous industries such as resta urants, casinos, cargo, Internet services and apartment renting. These industries share some similar characteristics with the traditional industries. Some of these practices have acquired great success. In fact, all service providers can take advantage of revenue management theory. Just as ( Berman 2005) says, revenue management is an effective mechanism to allocate a service providers relatively fixed capacity and to provide discounts on a much broader scale. The table below provides examples of revenue management application in different industries. We are not going to discuss the application of revenue management in every industry. In the following section, we provide a brief overview and examples of revenue management research in three non-traditional industries Revenue management practices in different industries (Berman (2005) Industries Example of practices Hospitality Industries Hotels Provide special rate packages for periods of low occupancy; use overbooking policy to compensate for cancellation, no-shows. Restaurants Move customers to off-peak periods by offering discount coupons, or charging reservation fees and higher meal prices on Friday and Saturday nights. Attractions Set different admission charge levels, provide joint-entry tickets, group discounts, coupons, membership rates. Cruise lines and ferry lines Provide luxury class, economy class; change prices frequently according to demand; sell more tickets than seats to avoid cancellation and no show. Casinos Customize offers such as complimentary room, tickets, gifts, discounts, etc., based on customers profitability. Saunas Determine price based upon factors such as room type, duration, and service type. Resort Provide different resort packages to attract different customers. Golf Use different prices to reflect the value of different times of the golf course. Sports events and distribution Determine ticket price for an event based on based on factors such as customer tastes and area of seating; determine the price of season tickets; determine the number of tickets sold for each seat segment. Conference Provide different packages and rates to satisfy different customers requirements. Transportation related industries Airlines Provide business class, economy class; adjust prices frequently according to demand; provide more tickets than seats to avoid cancellation and no-show. Rental cars Adjust prices frequently according to demand; serve highvalued fleet utilisation with priority; accept or reject booking requests based on length-of-rent controls. Railways Divide customers into standard class and first class; provide different prices based on the day of travel and the time of the day. Subscription services IT Services and Internet Services Allocate resources such as human resource, computing capacity, storage and network capacity among segments of customers and determine appropriate price for each segment, high class customers will be served with priority. Cellular network services Control call admission based on customer priority, higher class customers will be served with priority. Major revenue management problems Revenue management problems can be categorized into several different, but related, areas: pricing, auctions, capacity control (or inventory control), overbooking, and forecasting. In the following subsections, we will review each of these areas, but before we start, there are two points that need to be mentioned. First, although we categorize revenue management into several areas, this does not mean that these areas are completely isolated. In fact, these areas are highly correlated and need to be considered jointly when solving practical problems and some researchers are indeed trying to solve these problems jointly. For instance, Feng and Xiao (2006) present a comprehensive model to integrate pricing and capacity allocation. Second, auction is a specific type of pricing strategy. Here we separate auctions from pricing, because we want to emphasise the importance of auctions in the future application of revenue management. In addition, in this section, we also discuss other related issues regarding revenue management, including economic theory, the impact of competition and consolidation, customer perception and behaviour, the development and implementation of revenue management, performance evaluation of revenue management and techniques used for solving revenue management problems Managing Seasonal versus Daily Demand Revenue management principles apply to all levels of demand. Resort hotels with seasonal rates have been using a form of revenue management for years by posting higher or lower rates based upon seasonal demand; this is the essence of revenue or yield management. If these hotels thought they could get in-season rates all year long, they certainly would. They are adjusting for supply and demand. ( ehotelier) Yield management provides the ability to build a base of business by posting a wide range of rates, low to high, to appeal to the broadest range of consumers. For hotels which are capable of handling group business, this is the theory behind quoting lower rates for groups; getting the business on-the-books. Once this base business is booked, either by groups or transient individuals, lower rates can then be closed for sale. This is daily demand. Its important to understand that yield management is the process of closing-out lower rates when there are fewer rooms to sell; leaving only higher rates as occupancy increases. Rates are not increased; lower rates are closed for sale. There is an important distinction between the two. As demand increases, there are more methods of yielding higher revenue; the use of restrictions. Many hotels use restrictions very effectively. E.g. hotels with high weekend demand often restrict weekend reservations to a minimum of two nights by placing a minimum of two nights stay on Saturday, the more popular night. This limits stays to Friday/Saturday or Saturday/Sunday, the two weaker nights. The same can be applied to holiday periods. The key to successful revenue or yield management is to review advance reservations and make rate close-out decisions as often as might be necessary; generally, three times per week. Hotels practicing revenue management gain an insight into the ebb and flow of business, knowledge of reservations booking pace, and a true understanding of factors which impact occupancy and average rate. Capacity control Koide and Ishii (2005) consider the hotel room allocation policies with early discount, cancellations, and overbooking, but without no-shows. The presented model can provide the optimal solution under certain conditions. They also derive an optimal allocation for a simplified problem, which considers early discount but ignores cancellations and overbooking. McGill and van Ryzin (1999) consider the allocation of capacity for rental businesses with two classes of customers. Their research suggests that the capacity reductions enabled by allocation schemes can help to lift profit margins significantly. Zhang and Cooper (2005) address the simultaneous seat inventory control of a set of parallel flights between a common origin and destination with dynamic customer choice among the flights. They solve this stochastic optimization problem through simulation based techniques. Most of the current capacity control practices are based on forecasting. However, forecasting is difficult, costly and the results are sometimes unsatisfactory. Therefore, researchers are trying to find alternative approaches. van Ryzin and McGill (2000) present a simple adaptive approach to optimize seat protection levels in airline revenue management. Instead of using the traditional method that combines a censored forecasting method with a seat allocation heuristic (EMSR-b), this approach uses historical observations of the relative frequencies of certain seat-filling events to guide direct adjustments of the seat protection levels. Their preliminary numerical studies suggest that this method can be used to augment traditional forecasting and optimisation approaches. Overbooking control A number of researchers have developed dynamic optimization approaches to the airline overbooking problem and the related problem in the hotel/motel industry. The usual objective in these formulations is to determine a booking limit for each time period before flight departure that maximizes expected revenue, where allowance is made for the dynamics of cancellations and reservations in subsequent time periods and for penalties for oversold seats. KOSTEN (1960) develops a continuous time approach to this problem, but this approach requires solution of a set of simultaneous differential equations that make implementation impractical. Rothstein (1968), in his Ph.D. thesis, describes the first dynamic programming (DP) model for overbooking and reviews the results of test runs of the model at American Airlines. ALSTRUP et al. (1986) describe a DP treatment of overbooking for a two-class, nonstop flight and describe computational experience with the approach at Scandinavian Airlines. A DP analysis similar to Rothsteins but developed for the hotel/motel industry and extended to two fare classes is described in LADANY (1976, 1977) and LADANY and ARBEL (1991). A control-limit type structural solution to the (one class) hotel overbooking problem is described in LIBERMAN and YECHIALI (1977, 1978 Since McGill and van Ryzin (1999) had already presented a list of publications in overbooking, we will only discuss the new publications. Zhang and Cooper (2005) focus on the overbooking problem for hotels with multiple tour-operators and conclude that an overbooking policy that treats the capacity of the hotel as a whole gives better cost savings than an overbooking policy that allocates the capacity to each tour-operator separately. Zhang and Cooper (2005) proposes two models (stationary-fares model and nonstationary-fares model) to deal with a multi-period airline-overbooking problem for a single-leg flight with a single service class and use the model to calculate the optimal booking limits. Coughlan (1999) presents an airline revenue maximisation-overbooking model at a fare class level for one service compartment-cabin where class level demand is used to determine the number of bookings for each class. He concludes that this model shows significant improvement over previous methods by testing the model with data of Irelands national airline, Aer Lingus. Biyalogorsky et al. (1999) propose that a strategy using overbooking with opportunistic cancellations can increase expected profits and improve allocation efficiency, then derive a rule of how to allocate capacity to consumers optimally. Under their strategy, the seller can oversell capacity when high-paying consumers show up, even if capacity has already been fully booked, then the seller will cancel the sale to some low-paying customers while providing them with appropriate compensation. Toh and Dekay (2002) create an overbooking model for hotels to find the optimal level of overbooking considering customer service level, unexpected stayovers, and cost of walking displaced guest. Forecasting Forecasting is a critical part of revenue management. The quality of revenue management decisions, such as pricing, capacity control, or overbooking, depends on an accurate forecast. PÃ ¶lt (1998) estimates that a 20% reduction of forecast error can translate into a 1% incremental increase in revenue generated from the revenue management system. Revenue management forecasting includes demand forecasting, capacity forecasting, and price forecasting, each of which has its specific requirements. All forecasting tasks need to address issues such as what to forecast, the type of forecasting method, the aggregation level, the data to use and the accuracy of forecast. Forecasting can have different aggregation levels, from full aggregated forecasting to semi-aggregated forecasting and to fully disaggregated forecasting. The data used in forecasting can be based on historical arrivals or bookings. In addition, forecasting must be adjusted according to special An overview of research on revenue management 111 events, for example, holidays. Zaki (2000) gives a summary of forecasting for airline revenue management. Weatherland et al. (2001) discuss different ways to forecast demand for hotel revenue management systems and assess the effectiveness of aggregated approach and desegregated forecast. Furthermore, Weatherford and Kimes (2003) use data from Choice Hotels and Marriott Hotels to conduct a comparative test on a variety of forecasting methods for hotel revenue management systems to find the most accurate method. Their research suggests that exponential smoothing, pickup method and moving average models provide the most robust forecasts. Despite the mounting forecasting methods, human judgment is still indispensable in forecasting demand. Schwartz and Cohen (2004) make a study on 57 experienced revenue managers to evaluate the bias of this kind of subjective judgment. They find that the nature of the user interface can influence the way the revenue managers adjust the computers forecasts, although the managers are given the same predictions. The managers with a deliberate computer and no chart made the smallest volume of adjustments to the computers forecast, while the managers with a slow computer and an interactive chart made the highest volume of adjustments. How to develop revenue management How to develop and implement revenue management systems is another key issue. Kimes (1999) and Kimes et al. (1999) present a 5-step approach for implementing restaurant revenue management and provide insights from the implementation. Secomandi et al. (2002) present a case of how PROS Revenue Management Inc. worked with three non-airline companies to determine the applicability of revenue management, and to design, develop, and implement Revenue Management systems. Skugge (2002) discusses issues that need to be considered when implementing a revenue management system. He presents risks associated with development and implementation and ways to reduce these risks, and then proposes a two-step process to maximise the likelihood of a successful project completed on time and within budget. Okumuss (2004) research reveals the complexity and difficulty of developing and implementing a centralised revenue management project. He argues that this is because revenue management implementation is often viewed as a tactical activity, but this is not correct. He suggests that researchers and practitioners should view the implementation from the perspectives of strategic management, and they should change management fields. Revenue managers play a crucial role in implementing revenue management. Skugge (2004) finds that one of the reasons why some companies enjoy much greater success with revenue management is they have more effective revenue managers and suggests several methods to improve revenue management education and training programs. Zeni (2003) presents a study performed at US Airways to measure the value of revenue managers contributions to a revenue management system and concludes that analysts can add up to 3 percent in incremental revenue. Parker (2003) presents that airlines need to establish and provide support for a community of practice, which is a group of revenue management related people who interact on an ongoing basis. This group takes responsibilities of establishing protocols and standard procedures with respect to revenue management. The implementation of revenue management requires management to make a series of business decisions. Yeoman and Ingold (2000) discuss the decision-making processes using examples from airlines and hotels. All business decisions have risks, as do revenue management decisions. Therefore, every company must evaluate the potential risks of revenue management. Lancaster (2003) focuses on the risk incurred in the revenue management policies and analyses how risk management measurements and methods can be applied to the revenue management practices. In addition, companies want to make sure that their investment on revenue management can achieve the expected return. Delain and OMeara (2004) illustrate how a company can build a business case to estimate the incremental revenues and costs associated with developing or enhancing a revenue management programme IT service and internet service Revenue management also has application opportunities in subscription services, such as on-demand information technology service and Internet service. Internet service is, in fact, a special case of on-demand information technology service. Nair and Bapna (2001) find that Internet Service Providers (ISP) have perishable capacity for users to log on, a fixed number of units, and the possibility of segmenting price-sensitive customers. These three characteristics are common with industries where revenue management is traditionally applied. They also identify that revenue management in Internet service is different than traditional applications. The Internet service is continuous in state and time, the request and the service happen simultaneously, and overbooking is impossible for ISP. Furthermore, they formulate the revenue management problem for ISP as a continuous time Markov Decision Process to maximize the discounted value while improving service levels for higher class customers. Wynter et al. (2004) introduce a revenue management model for a specific information technology service on-demand computing service. Dube et al. (2005) make a further analysis on the model of Wynter et al. (2004) both analytically and numerically, and conclude that the application of revenue management can significantly increase revenue of on-demand computing service providers Economic concerns To better apply revenue management in the industry, practitioners must have a thorough understanding of underlying economic theory, such as supply and demand, opportunity cost, competition, consolidation, etc. Dana (1999) presents how revenue management techniques, such as price dispersion, can shift demand even when the peak time is unknown. Firms must compete with each other to get customers, so revenue management decisions of one firm unavoidably affect the demand for other firms in the same industry. The sudden reversal in the lodging industrys fortunes from 2008 to 2009 made the focus on customer rate resistance, contract renegotiations, competition, and price wars as top priorities for revenue managers. This contrasts with a 2008 study by Cornell university , where human resources and technology issues were ahead of economic concerns. The recent bad economic situation made it for revenue managers to maintain price positioning, because the drop in demand has shifted considerable pricing power to the customer. Although many hotels can compete effectively on price (and others may have little choice), revenue managers may also draw on numerous non-price competitive techniques, including adding value. One pricing approach might be to create a set of targeted rate promotions that are protected by rate fences and designed to attract price-conscious guests. Another technique is to bundle services into packages that disguise room rates. Non-price techniques include competing on the basi s of quality, creating strategic partnerships, taking advantage of your loyalty program, developing additional revenue sources, and developing additional market segments Even as they agreed that customers have gained considerable negotiating power, a research by Cornell university see a larger role for RM as the economy recovers. In the meantime, revenue managers have a key responsibility to determine ways to offset the loss of business by creating special rates that are protected by rate fences to attract different market segments or to augment existing packages to retain current business Looking ahead, revenue managers should be aware that customers will be strongly focused on price and less so on brand loyalty. The common thread in this view of hotels future is that RM is a valuable tool for hotel marketers and managers as they consider tactical price setting and strategic price positioning. The managers are well aware that revenue management cannot help in all cases. Also revenue managers should broaden the perspective on revenue management to include as many customer touch points as is appropriate. In a sense, this represents a combination of marketing principles with revenue management tactics. As demand returns, application of RM approaches will be able to help hotels find the way back to rate integrity. Based on that idea, now is the time to set price strategies and be ready with revenue management tactics when the recovery comes. Customer perception According to Cornell University research many managers have been reluctant to adopt revenue management practices because of possible customer dissatisfaction. They may well find support for their fears in the fairness literature, which has shown that customers will refuse to patronize companies perceived as unfair. Customers from different cultures and nationalities often have different service expectations (Donthu and Yoo 1998). For example, Lee and Ulgado (1997) found that American fast-food customers considered low prices to be of paramount importance when evaluating satisfaction, whereas Korean consumers were more concerned about service dimensions such as reliability and empathy. Also, Asians often see eating out as more of a social or family activity than do Americans or Europeans (Hall 1966)

Negative Effects of Technology Essay -- Technology: The Devil in Disgu

â€Å"Technology is a queer thing. It brings you great gifts with one hand and it stabs you in the back with the other.† Charles Percy Snow (Technology Quotes). Technology is undoubtedly helpful but it is causing some major issues in today’s generation of children and teenagers. Being addicted to a Play Station, constantly texting, posting on Facebook; that is exactly what most all children and teenagers do for many hours a day every single day of their secluded lives. These addictions are ridiculously unhealthy. Why is it okay for this generation of people to be connected, yet unconnected at the same time? When it comes to the latest drama on Twitter, everyone is connected. However, when it comes to family time and talking to each other at the dinner table instead of texting or instant messaging, it’s an unconnected mess! Modern technology is definitely not the best thing going in this world today. Nobody knows how to connect without it anymore and it's scary, dreadfully scary. Video games have been proven to be cause problems with childrens’ brains. Gaming systems such as Play Stations, X Boxes, Game Cubes, and Nintendos are causing children to completely unravel what was once important to them; family time. In the documentary Digital Nation, a little Korean boy was one of the examples used. He was disturbingly addicted to his computer and video games. His mother admitted that he is progressively getting worse. He sits behind the controller of his animated worlds for many hours every day, only pausing to eat, and even then it’s only momentarily. He gets up long enough to sit at the dinner table and eat and then he gets right up and goes directly back to his secluded fantasy world. He does not even acknowledge that his mo... ... of the world; don’t rely on technology so much! Works Cited Digital Nation. Dir. Rachel Pretzin. PBS, 2010. Documentary.ï » ¿ "Technology Quotes." Your Dictionary. LoveToKnow, Corp., 2010. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. "Top Ten Negative Effects of Video Games on Children." Addiction Blog. Addiction Blog, 21 Feb. 2009. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. . "Texting and Driving Deadly for Teens." Mom Logic. GNH Productions, Inc., 18 Aug. 2008. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. . "Car Acccident Cell Phone Statistics." Edgar Snyder and Associates. Law Offices of Edgar Snyder and Associates, 2009. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. .